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Border Defense in Iowa 
During the Civil Wphr 

529629 





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Issued Monthly by the State 

Historical Society of Iowa 

Iowa City Iowa 



KNTEKED AS SECOND-CLASS MATTER AT THE POST OFFICE AT IOWA CITY IOWA 









EDITOR'S NOTE TO NUMBER TEN 

During the Civil War the people of Iowa 
were not only called upon to do their full part 
in the struggle for the preservation of the 
Union, but they were also obliged to defend 
the borders of the State from possible in- 
vasion by enemies from the south and In- 
dians from the northwest. A more extended 
account of border defense in low^a will appear 
later in the Iowa Journal of History and 
Politics. Benj. F. Shambaugh 

Editor 



EXPLANATION OF THE SERIES 

UNDER THE GENERAL TITLE OF ' ' IOWA AND WAR ' ' 
THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF IOWA UNDERTAKES 
TO ISSUE A SERIES OF SMALL PAMPHLETS DEALING WITH 
A VARIETY OF SUBJECTS RELATING TO MILITARY MAT- 
TERS CONNECTED WITH THE HISTORY OF IOWA. 

SINCE THESE PAMPHLETS ARE IN NO SENSE A MONO- 
GRAPHIC SERIES, BIBLIOGRAPHICAL DATA AND ACADEMIC 
CITATION OF AUTHORITIES ARE OMITTED. THEIR CON- 
TENTS ARE NONE THE LESS BASED UPON CRITICAL 
STUDIES AND RELIABLE SOURCES OF INFORMATION, 



PRICE — TEN CENTS PER COPY: ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR 
ADDRESS — STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY, IOWA CITY, IOWA 



rsO 



>39629 



Edited by Benj. F. Shambatjgh 
Published by The State Historical Society of Iowa 

No. 10 APRIL 1918 



BORDER DEFENSE IN IOWA DURING 
THE CIVIL WAR 

By Dan Elbert Clark 

If there was any indifference in Iowa to 
the crisis at the outbreak of the Civil War in 
1861, it was not due to the belief that the 
conflict was three thousand miles away. 
From the beginning there was danger that 
the soil of Iowa itself might be invaded — 
not by organized Confederate forces, to be 
sure, but by guerrilla bands from Missouri 
and by vengeful red men from the northwest. 
The story of Iowa's military accomplish- 
ments during the Civil War, therefore, is not 
complete until some account has been given 
of the vigorous measures which were taken 



2 IOWA AND WAR 

to protect the homes and firesides of lowans 
against hostile attack. 

No one realized the need for home defense 
more keenly than did Governor Samuel J. 
Kirkwood who, with no military experience 
whatsoever, now found himself confronted 
with the gigantic task of creating a military 
organization in a State wholly unprepared 
for war. He did not anticipate an invasion 
of Iowa hy regular troops from Missouri. 
**But lawless, reckless men within her lim- 
its", he said in his special message to the 
legislature on May 16th, "may take advan- 
tage of the unsettled condition of public af- 
fairs, to organize a system of border warfare 
for the purpose of plunder". The danger of 
Indian raids on the northwestern frontier 
was even more imminent, in his estimation, 
and he urged the General Assembly to make 
adequate provision for defense. 

The story of how the borders of Iowa were 
successfully defended, under the guidance of 
Governor Kirkwood and the aids appointed 
by him, is not without interest, even though 
it is less dramatic than the record of the ex- 



BORDER DEFENSE IN IOWA 3 

ploits of Iowa men on the battlefields of the 
South. 

DEFENSE OF THE SOUTHERN BORDER 

"Impress on your people the necessity of 
good order on their part towards Missourians 
unless attacked", wrote Governor Kirkwood 
to a resident of southern Iowa soon after the 
outbreak of the war, when disquieting re- 
ports had come from the border. *'Act only 
on the defensive until an attack is made. 
Should any outbreak occur notify me at 
once. ' ' At the same time he urged that com- 
panies of ''minute men" should be organized 
in all the southern counties, with such arms 
as were to be found, and that these companies 
should hold themselves in readiness to re- 
spond to a call on short notice. ''This is not 
what I would like to do", he said, "or what 
perhaps is the best thing could be done if 
we had arms but is the best thing can be 
done now." 

In a letter to a citizen of Missouri a few 
days later the Governor declared that if there 
were hostilities between the people of Mis- 



4 IOWA AND WAR 

souri and the people of Iowa they must be 
begun by the former. But, he added, ''if we 
are attacked we will take what we deem the 
best means of defense even if that should 
be to carry the war across our border into 
Missouri." 

About the middle of May, 1861, Governor 
Kirkwood appointed John Edwards of Char- 
iton and Cyrus Bussey of Bloomfield as spe- 
cial aids, with large discretionary powers, to 
organize means of preserving tranquillity in 
the border counties. They were to investi- 
gate the situation carefully and take meas- 
ures for the raising of companies for home 
defense all along the Missouri border. '*! 
was well satisfied the peace of our State 
would be more easily preserved by prevent- 
ing invasion than by repelling it," said the 
Governor later in describing his activities to 
the legislature, ''and therefore while I could 
not order our State troops beyond our State 
line, I instructed Colonels Edwards and 
Bussey, and through them the troops under 
their command, that if at any time the loyal 
men of Northern Missouri were in peril and 



BORDER DEFENSE IN IOWA 5 

called upon them for assistance, they had as 
full authority as I could give them to lead 
their men into Missouri to the aid of the 
loyal men there, and my promise upon their 
return that my power should be used to the 
utmost extent to protect them, if called in 
question for so doing." 

As a matter of fact Iowa men did cross 
over into Missouri on several occasions dur- 
ing the summer of 1861. Late in July, for 
instance, John Edwards reported that ''at 
least 1,500 citizens of Iowa left their harvest 
fields and families and rushed into Missouri 
to the relief of the Union men. These citi- 
zens were armed in every conceivable man- 
ner, without officers, system, or drill." 
Edwards also reported that several men in 
southern Iowa "not only fed hundreds of 
Missouri citizens and their horses daily, for 
over a week at a time, but spent hundreds of 
dollars, sometimes their last dollar, in this 
benevolent manner. On account of the ex- 
citement and constant alarm along the bor- 
der our citizens lost much valuable time by 
frequent hurrying to arms; therefore a vast 
amount of grain was lost on the fields. ' ' 



6 IOWA AND WAR 

Early in August several companies of Iowa 
men participated in the successful defense of 
the town of Athens in northeastern Missouri 
on the Des Moines River. Later, when Saint 
Joseph was captured by the Confederates 
fully twelve hundred Iowa men went to the 
assistance of Union men in Missouri. ^ ' This 
has excited against our people and State a 
bitter dislike on the part of the rebel forces 
and their leaders," wrote Governor Kirk- 
wood to President Lincoln, ''and their 
threats of vengeance have been violent and 
frequent. A battle lost at this time by Gen- 
eral Fremont would lay all our southern 
border open to devastation and plunder by 
the victors, and while we have strong trust 
that success and not defeat awaits us, the 
probability of a different result naturally ex- 
cites alarm." 

In order to be ready for any emergency 
Governor Kirkwood appointed men in the 
counties along the southern border to organ- 
ize all the able-bodied men into companies 
and regiments for home protection. ''As 
you are aware, ' ' he wrote in a circular letter 



BORDER DEFENSE IN IOWA 7 

to the officers thus appointed, ''the State is 
not properly armed, nor can arms be had at 
present by the State. Under these circum- 
stances you will require every man in your 
county having private arms to report the 
number and kind of arms he has. Double- 
barreled shotguns and hunting rifles, al- 
though not the best, are good arms in the 
hands of brave men." The companies thus 
raised were to be employed only in home de- 
fense. Each man was required to furnish 
his own clothing and equipment and his own 
horse, in case the company was mounted. 
The men were to hold themselves in readi- 
ness to be called into service at a moment's 
notice. 

Fortunately, because of Union successes 
the time soon came when all danger from 
invasion by organized Confederate forces 
from Missouri was removed. But bands of 
guerrillas infested the region throughout the 
war, and no section of the border was safe 
from the raids of these outlaws bent on horse- 
stealing, plunder, and murder. 

In October, 1864, for instance, a band of 



8 IOWA AND WAR 

fifteen or twenty guerrillas entered Davis 
County. It is claimed that they were led by 
Quantrill, the most blood-thirsty of all border 
ruffians. Entering the county near the south- 
east corner they proceeded westward, steal- 
ing horses and murdering peaceful citizens. 
The sudden appearance of this band of des- 
peradoes in Iowa caused great consternation 
along the border. The news of the raid 
spread rapidly and the seriousness of the 
situation was so magnified that the startled 
settlers heard rumors that General Price's 
army was about to invade the State. Militia 
officers rode through the country calling the 
members of their companies to assemble at 
the appointed places of rendezvous. But it 
was soon learned that there was no need for 
their services : the outlaws had left the State 
as suddenly as they had entered it. 

Although there were rumors and alarms 
and constant danger in southern Iowa 
throughout the war, the peace was not often 
disturbed by hostile raiders from Missouri. 
Haphazard and unsystematic though the 
measures of home defense may often have 



BORDER DEFENSE IN IOWA 9 

been, they served the purpose for which they 
were intended. Using the means at hand, 
the pioneers made the best of a bad situation 
and saved Iowa from more than an occasion- 
al touch of border warfare. 

DEFENSE OF THE NORTHWESTERN FRONTIER 

A danger equally imminent and more to 
be dreaded threatened the scattered settle- 
ments in northwestern Iowa. Fresh in the 
minds of many of the settlers was the mem- 
ory of the terrible massacre which had been 
committed by Sioux Indians in 1857 on the 
shores of Lake Okoboji — a massacre which 
had resulted neither in punishment for the 
Indians nor protection for the settlers 
against further attacks by the red men. And 
so at the outbreak of the Civil War there 
was great apprehension along the frontier, 
especially when it was learned that the troops 
had been withdrawn from the forts on the 
upper Missouri River. 

Even before the firing on Fort Sumter the 
Governor had urged the War Department to 
send a supply of arms and ammunition to 



10 IOWA AND WAR 

Iowa for use in case of a possible Indian in- 
vasion. Upon the outbreak of war he re- 
doubled his efforts. But the Secretary of 
War either underestimated the danger or he 
had very little knowledge of the geography 
of Iowa. 

^*I am daily receiving letters from our 
northwestern frontier expressing alarm on 
account of the Indians ' ', wrote Kirkwood on 
April 29th, after several previous letters had 
failed to bring results. *^Our people there 
are very uneasy, and have in my judgment 
good cause for fear. I don't ask for any- 
thing but arms, accoutrements, and ammuni- 
tion. We have plenty of men willing to use 
them in our own defense and that of the gov- 
ernment. If no arrangement has been made 
for arms for this State, do, for God's sake, 
send us some. We should have at least 5,000 
beyond those required to arm the troops of 
the United States". 

''It is not intended to order the State 
troops from the West at present," wrote 
Secretary Cameron to Kirkwood on the same 
day, ''and they will therefore be on hand to 



BORDER DEFENSE IN IOWA 11 

meet any want occasioned by the removal of 
the U. S. forces." 

'*A glance at the map of Iowa", was Kirk- 
wood's reply, ''will show you that the troops 
raised in this State will at Keokuk be at 
least 300 miles from the nearest point (Coun- 
cil Bluffs), and 400 miles from the point 
(Sioux City) most exposed to Indian depra- 
dations. This will not afford any protection 
to the northwestern frontier. All I ask is 
arms and ammunition ; not any men. ' ' And 
once more he reiterated the story of the 
Spirit Lake massacre. 

Even yet the hard pressed authorities at 
Washington seemed unappreciative of the 
situation in Iowa. ''I can now only say", 
wrote Secretary Cameron on May 6th, * ' that 
the Chief of Ordnace advises that 1,000 stand 
of arms ought to be forwarded to Keokuk . . 
. to be used in case of an emergency. ' ' 

By this time Governor Kirkwood's stock of 
patience was nearly exhausted. ' ' In reply ' ', 
he wrote, ''I can only say that if by this it 
is intended that the arms shall remain in 
Keokuk until an attack is actually made by 



12 IOWA AND WAR 

Indians, and then be used to repel such at- 
tack, such arrangement will not be of practi- 
cal benefit. Keokuk is at least 300 miles 
from Council Bluffs, and nearly or quite 400 
miles from Sioux City, in which region the 
Indians will be troublesome if at all. Be- 
tween Keokuk and either of these points 
there are only 80 miles of railroad, and the 
balance of the way arms, etc., must be carried 
by wagon. The Indians might invade our 
State, do incalculable injury, and be gone 
beyond our reach long before an express 
could reach Keokuk and the arms be taken to 
the point of attack." 

Meanwhile, preparations for defense were 
not postponed on account of the Governor's 
inability to secure a prompt supply of arms. 
Early in May it was reported that the people 
in the western counties were '* waking up to 
the importance of organizing home guards. ' ' 
In order to give direction to this work of pre- 
paredness the Governor appointed Caleb 
Baldwin of Council Bluffs and A. W. Hub- 
bard of Sioux City as his aids. Companies 
of mounted men were organized, with orders 



BORDER DEFENSE IN IOWA 13 

to hold themselves in readiness for quick 
marches to any scene of threatened danger. 
Such arms and ammunition as could be found 
were collected and forwarded to Council 
Bluffs and Sioux City. 

These measures of defense were not in- 
augurated any too soon. Early in July there 
came reports that Sioux Indians were com- 
mitting depredations along the Little Sioux 
River near Smithland — a village which had 
been visited by Inkpaduta and his band short- 
ly before the Spirit Lake massacre in 1857. 
Since the first of April, it was said, more than 
thirty horses had been stolen at Smithland, 
Correctionville, Ida Grove, and other points 
in the northwest. Mounted riflemen from 
Sioux City routed a band of Indians in a 
small skirmish, and it was hoped that the 
frontier would be rid of the marauding red 
men. 

Scarcely more than a week had elapsed, 
however, before two farmers were murdered 
by the Indians while at work in the fields not 
more than two miles from Sioux City. The 
news of this tragedy caused great alarm. 



14 IOWA AND WAR 

The Sioux City company immediately set out 
in pursuit of the murderers who had a start 
of about twenty hours. Even as far away as 
Des Moines authority was given to John 
Mitchell to raise a company of forty mounted 
men and proceed at once to the frontier. The 
instructions were received on Saturday after- 
noon and by Monday the necessary number 
of men had been enrolled and the company 
was ready to march. Simultaneously the re- 
quisite number of short rifles, cavalry pistols, 
and camp equipments was sent from Council 
Bluffs to Sioux City to be in readiness for 
the men upon their arrival at the latter place. 

Apparently the murderers were not ap- 
prehended, but throughout the fall companies 
of mounted men were stationed in the danger 
zone between Sioux City and Spirit Lake. 
About the middle of August the War Depart- 
ment empowered Governor Kirkwood to 
raise a company of regular cavalry for the 
defense of the northwestern frontier of Iowa. 

The members of this company, recruited 
largely at Sioux City, were mustered into 
United States service for a period of three 



BORDER DEFENSE IN IOWA 15 

years, and were on the same footing as the 
men who served in the Union armies in the 
South. At about the same time the Governor 
was informed that '' 1,000 Sharpe's carbines, 
1,000 Colt's pistols, and 1,000 cavalry sabres, 
together with accoutrements and ammuni- 
tion" had been ordered from the United 
States Arsenal at New York for use in the 
protection of the Indian frontier in this State. 

These measures had the effect of checking 
Indian depredations and of producing a feel- 
ing of security among the settlers in the 
northwest. Throughout the remaining 
months of 1861 and the first half of the year 
1862 there was comparative quiet on the fron- 
tier, with only an occasional rumor of Indian 
invasion. 

Then in the summer of 1862 all northwest- 
ern Iowa was thrown into a fever of excite- 
ment. This time there was genuine cause 
for alarm. The Sioux tribesmen in Minne- 
sota and the Dakotas had long nursed a feel- 
ing of deep resentment against their Great 
Father and his white children because of 
real and fancied wrongs received during 



16 IOWA AND WAR 

years of treaty-making and government deal- 
ings. When would there ever be a better op- 
portunity to secure revenge than now when 
the white men were engaged in a life and 
death struggle among themselves! Besides 
the summer of 1862 found many bands of the 
Sioux almost on the verge of starvation and 
consumed with rage because their annuities, 
which should have been paid when the grass 
grew green in the spring, had not yet been 
distributed to them. 

Thus it was that the murder of five settlers 
on August 17th by a wandering party of 
Sioux hunters was the spark which kindled 
a great conflagration. Under the leadership 
of Little Crow the redskins took up the hatch- 
et along the entire Minnesota frontier. At 
New Ulm and at other points not far above 
the northern boundary of Iowa in the next 
few days they perpetrated the bloodiest mass- 
acre in American history. The estimates of 
the number of white victims vary from five 
hundred to fifteen hundred, but the most care- 
ful count places the number at more than 
six hundred and fifty. 



BORDER DEFENSE IN IOWA 17 

It is small wonder, then, that there was 
terror throughout the settlements in north- 
western Iowa. Nor is it any cause for sur- 
prise that the settlers fled from their homes 
by the hundreds. When Lieutenant Colonel 
H. C. Nutt went from Council Bluffs to Sioux 
City, he found the road south of the latter 
place "lined with families leaving, and in 
such terror as to preclude getting any relia- 
ble information. They were all bound to 
get away from the Indians. ' ' At Sioux City 
he found a large portion of the settlers from 
southeastern Dakota. Most of them had de- 
parted from their homes in great haste, and 
in many instances had left all their posses- 
sions and live-stock, to say nothing of their 
unharvested crops. Many settlers from 
Woodbury, Ida, and Sac counties in this State 
had also rushed to Sioux City for safety. 
Similar scenes were being enacted at other 
points along the frontier. 

This was a situation which demanded 
prompt action. As was the case at the time 
of the Spirit Lake massacre, the seriousness 
of the danger was not immediately appreciat- 



18 IOWA AND WAR 

ed. But when the truth became definitely 
known Governor Kirkwood and other mili- 
tary authorities were not slow to act. On 
August 29th the Governor ordered Schuyler 
R. Ingham of Des Moines to proceed at once 
to Fort Dodge and other points in the north- 
west. "Use the arms, ammunition and mon- 
ey placed at your disposal in such manner as 
your judgment may dictate as best to pro- 
mote the object in view, to-wit: the protec- 
tion of the inhabitants of the frontier", were 
the Governor's instructions to his newly ap- 
pointed aid. *'Use your discretion in all 
things, and exercise any power I could exer- 
cise if I were present." At about the same 
time three companies of troops who expected 
soon to be mustered into United States ser- 
vice at Camp Dodge in Council Bluffs were 
rushed to Sioux City, where they found pre- 
parations for defense under way. 

Fortunately the General Assembly had al- 
ready been called to meet in special session 
on September 3rd. More adequate provision 
for defense could therefore be made without 
much delay. The first law passed by the leg- 



BORDER DEFENSE IN IOWA 19 

islature at this session was one authorizing 
and requiring the Governor to raise a volun- 
teer force of mounted men for the protection 
of the frontier. On the same day a joint 
resolution was adopted urgently requesting 
the Secretary of War to take vigorous steps 
to chastise the Indians who had committed 
the massacres in Minnesota. 

By virtue of the new authority conferred 
on him, Governor Kirkwood ordered S. R. 
Ingham to raise and muster into service five 
companies of not less than forty nor more 
than eighty men each: one at Sioux City, 
one at Denison, one at Fort Dodge, one at 
Webster City, and one which had already 
been organized and stationed at Chain Lakes 
and Estherville. These orders were faithful- 
ly carried out and there was thus created a 
body of men which became known as the Nor- 
thern Iowa Border Brigade. 

One company was stationed at Chain Lakes 
and another at Estherville, while the remain- 
ing companies were divided into detachments 
located at Ocheyedan, Peterson, Cherokee, 
Sac City, Correctionville, Little Sioux, Mel- 



20 IOWA AND WAR 

bourne, and other points in the threatened 
region. These, together with the Sioux City 
cavalry company part of which was stationed 
at Sioux City and part at Spirit Lake, consti- 
tuted a chain of garrisons which extended en- 
tirely across the northwestern corner of the 
State from Sioux City to Chain Lakes. Fur- 
thermore, at Correctionville, Cherokee, Pet- 
erson, Estherville, Spirit Lake, and Iowa 
Lake, there were constructed blockhouses, 
surrounded by stockades, which might serve 
as places of refuge for the settlers in case 
of an Indian attack. 

Of all these frontier fortifications appar- 
ently the most extensive was Fort Defiance at 
Estherville, built by a company under Cap- 
tain William H. Ingham. The stockade of 
this *'fort" was built of planks four inches 
thick and enclosed an area which was about 
one hundred and thirty feet square. At one 
corner and extending six feet beyond the 
stockade were the barracks, **a building 
fifty-two feet in length, eighteen feet in width, 
made of timbers eight inches thick". The 
office and commissary room at another corner 



BORDER DEFENSE IN IOWA 21 

was a building fourteen by thirty-two feet in 
dimensions, built in much the same manner 
as the barracks. The entire south side of the 
enclosure was formed by a barn, the sides of 
which were covered with boards an inch thick, 
while the ends were built of four-inch planks. 
The exposed side of the barn was protected 
by *'a sod wall, five feet at its base and two 
feet wide on top, seven and one-half feet 
high". Within the stockade were a guard- 
house, a well furnishing **an abundance of 
excellent water", and a flag-staff. 

The preparations for defense at other 
points were less elaborate but equally well 
adapted to repel an Indian attack. The block- 
houses and officers' quarters at Peterson, for 
instance, were built of oak and ash timbers 
ten inches square, with roofs of soft maple 
boards. The stockade was constructed of 
timbers six inches square. In each case the 
stockade surrounded an area large enough to 
accommodate a considerable number of set- 
tlers with their live-stock and wagons. 

These preparations for defense had the de- 
sired effect. Not once did the Indians in- 



22 IOWA AND WAR 

vade Iowa during this great uprising which 
left such a trail of death and devastation in 
Minnesota. Settlers soon began to return to 
their abandoned homes and a feeling of con- 
fidence was restored. This time the Federal 
government took energetic measures to pun- 
ish the hostile Indians, and they were so de- 
cisively defeated that they did not again 
seriously menace the tranquillity of the Iowa 
frontier. The companies of the Northern 
Iowa Border Brigade were disbanded before 
many months had passed and their places 
were taken by United States troops. Al- 
though as late as January, 1864, Governor 
Kirkwood urged that means of protection be 
maintained, the period of serious danger had 
passed and the problem of frontier defense in 
Iowa had ceased to worry either the military 
authorities or the settlers. 

D. E. C. 



NOTES ON BORDEE DEFENSE 

At the special session of 1862 the General Assembly 
passed a law requiring the Governor "to raise a volunteer 
force in the State of Iowa, from the County of Wapello and 
each of the Counties in the southern tier of Counties 
bordering on the State of Missouri, not less than one Com- 
pany of mounted men . . . for the protection of the 
Southern border." This law was repealed at the regular 
session of the legislature in 1864, at which time every 
person in Iowa subject to perform military duty, who was 
not at that time in the service, was required to enroll in 
some company of militia. In other words, it was the pur- 
pose of this law to effect a complete organization of the 
militia of Iowa — a plan which of course superseded the 
necessity of maintaining special border defense companies 
in the southern counties. 



The defenseless condition of the Indian frontier in north- 
western Iowa had been a matter of grave concern to the 
Governors of Iowa, as well as to the settlers, for many years 
before the outbreak of the Civil War. The establishment of 
Fort Dodge in 1850 encouraged settlement in that region 
and kept the Indians in check. But after that fort was 
abandoned in 1853 the frontier in Iowa was left without 
protection. Governor Grimes and Governor Lowe both used 
every means in their power to secure action by the War 
Department, but without success. Even after the Spirit 
Lake massacre of 1857 the authorities at Washington failed 



24 



IOWA AND WAR 



to appreciate the danger which threatened the settlers in 
northwestern Iowa. The State did what it could with lim- 
ited resources and inadequate military equipment to keep 
mounted rangers on the frontier or in readiness to be called 
on short notice. In this way the Indians were kept in check, 
until they became emboldened by the disturbed condition of 
affairs at the outbreak of the Civil War. 



STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY 
OF IOWA 

ESTABLISHED IN 1857 
LOCATED AT IOWA CITY IOWA 



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